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Figure 1: Rotational failure of slope on circular slip surface Slope stability analysis is performed to assess the safe design of a human-made or natural (e.g.,,, excavations, etc.) and the equilibrium conditions. Is the resistance of inclined surface to by or collapsing. The main objectives of slope stability analysis are finding endangered areas, investigation of potential failure mechanisms, determination of the slope sensitivity to different triggering mechanisms, designing of optimal slopes with regard to, and, designing possible remedial measures, e.g. Barriers and. Successful of the slope requires information and site characteristics, e.g. Properties of / mass, slope, conditions, alternation of materials by, or systems, movements and in joints, earthquake activity etc. The presence of water has a detrimental effect on slope stability.
Water pressure acting in the pore spaces, fractures or other discontinuities in the materials that make up the pit slope will reduce the strength of those materials. Choice of correct analysis technique depends on both site conditions and the potential mode of failure, with careful consideration being given to the varying, weaknesses and limitations inherent in each.
Before the stability analysis was performed graphically or by using a hand-held calculator. Today have a lot of possibilities to use analysis, ranges from simple limit equilibrium techniques through to computational limit analysis approaches (e.g., ) to complex and sophisticated (/-element codes). The engineer must fully understand limitations of each technique. For example, limit equilibrium is most commonly used and simple solution method, but it can become inadequate if the slope fails by complex mechanisms (e.g.
Internal and, progressive, of weaker soil layers, etc.). In these cases more sophisticated techniques should be utilised. Also, even for very simple slopes, the results obtained with typical limit equilibrium methods currently in use (Bishop, Spencer, etc.) may differ considerably. In addition, the use of the concept is increasing today. Risk assessment is concerned with both the consequence of slope failure and the of failure (both require an understanding of the failure mechanism). Within the last decade (2003) has been developed to remotely scan a rock slope to monitor the spatial deformation of the face. Small movements of a rough wall can be detected with sub-millimeter accuracy by using interferometry techniques.
Main article: The, proposed by of is a technique used to assess the stability of slopes under seismic conditions. It may also be used for static conditions if the value of the horizontal load is taken as zero.
The method can analyse a wide range of slope failures as it may accommodate a multi-wedge failure mechanism and therefore it is not restricted to planar or circular failure surfaces. It may provide information about the factor of safety or about the critical acceleration required to cause collapse. Comparisons [ ] The assumptions made by a number of limit equilibrium methods are listed in the table below. Method Assumption Ordinary method of cells Interslice forces are neglected Bishop's simplified/modified Resultant interslice forces are horizontal.
There are no interslice shear forces. Janbu's simplified Resultant interslice forces are horizontal. An empirical correction factor is used to account for interslice shear forces. Janbu's generalized An assumed is used to define the location of the interslice normal force. Spencer The resultant interslice forces have constant slope throughout the sliding mass.
Chugh Same as Spencer's method but with a constant acceleration force on each slice. Morgenstern-Price The direction of the resultant interslice forces is defined using an arbitrary function. The fractions of the function value needed for force and moment balance is computed. Fredlund-Krahn (GLE) Similar to Morgenstern-Price. Corps of Engineers The resultant interslice force is either parallel to the ground surface or equal to the average slope from the beginning to the end of the slip surface.
Lowe and Karafiath The direction of the resultant interslice force is equal to the average of the ground surface and the slope of the base of each slice. Sarma The shear strength criterion is applied to the shears on the sides and bottom of each slice. The inclinations of the slice interfaces are varied until a critical criterion is met.